Pronunciation

Diphthongs

ch
at the beginning of a syllable, like 'ch' in "touch"; at the end, like 'ck' in "sick" (but it is never enunciated)

gh
like 'g' in "go"

kh
like 'c' in "cat"

ng, ngh
like 'ng' in "sing-along"

ph
like 'ph' in "phone"

th
like 't' in "time" - Used only at the beginning of a syllable.

tr
like 'ch' in "chat" - Used only at the beginning of a syllable.

gi
in the South (Saigon), like 'y' in "yes"; in the North (Hanoi), like 'z' in "zip"

qu
like 'qu' in "quest"

uy
like 'w' in "win"