Здравствуйте! This Russian course was developed by the U.S. Peace Corps for its volunteers going to Kazakhstan. It can be useful as a primer for learning the basics of the Russian language. You can listen and follow along to each lesson or download the whole course directly.
Today Russian is still spoken by the overwhelming majority of people in the former Soviet Union. It will be useful to learn a few phrases of courtesy, for example: to express initial greetings, to ask about well-being of others, to introduce oneself etc.
The Russian language belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family and is considered one of the most important world languages. Russian was the official state language of the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the USSR, Russian remains the state language of Russia and it is still the language of about 200 million people, including 16 million in Kazakhstan. Although Kazakh is the state language of Kazakhstan, Russian is the predominant language spoken.
Russian belongs to the inflectional languages (i.e. languages in which words have endings). A Russian word can have many different forms, and therefore not every word encountered in a text can be found in dictionaries. Russian words that have endings are entered in the dictionaries in a definite form. The definite form for nouns is the Nominative case singular, for adjectives it is the Nominative case singular masculine, and for verbs – the infinitive. Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions are invariable.
Characteristic features of the Russian language are:
· Genders of the nouns and adjectives (masculine, feminine or neuter)
· Declension of the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and numerals
· Conjugation of the verbs
· Aspect of the verbs
· Absence of articles
· Shift of stress
The Russian alphabet is comprised of 33 letters.
Stress, in Russian, can fall on any syllable in a word. One word has only one stressed syllable which is longer than others. Usually, the stress is indicated in dictionaries.
Verbs: there are three tenses: the present, the past, and the future. All verbs also have an aspect – imperfect and perfect.
Most local people are delighted and flattered by foreigners who attempt to speak their language. Your efforts will be generously rewarded.
It will be useful to learn a few phrases of courtesy, for example: to express initial greetings, to ask about well-being of others, to introduce oneself etc.
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Lesson 2 – Russian Alphabet
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Letter
Sound
Approximate in English
Examples
Transcription
English Meaning
Аа
ah
like “a” in “bar”
бар
[bar]
bar
Бб
beh
like “b” in “bat”
босс
[boss}
boss
Вв
veh
like “v” in “voice”
ванúль
[vaNEE
vanilla
Гг
geh
like “g” in “grant”
грант
[grant]
grant
Дд
deh
like “d” in “day”
да
[dah]
yes
Ее
yeh
like “ye” in “yes”2
écли
[YESli]
if
Ёё
yo
like “yo” in “yolk” 2
ёж
[yosh]
hedgehog
Жж
zhe
like “zh” in
журнáл
[zhoorN
magazine
Зз
zeh
like “z” in “zone”
зóна
[ZOHna
zone
Ии
ee
like “ee” in “meet”1
мир
[meer]
peace
Йй
Short ee (ee kratkoe)
like “y” in “boy”
мой
[moi]
my
Кк
kah
like “k” in “karate”
кáша
[KAHsha
porridge
Лл
əly
like “l” in “look”
лук
[look]
onion
Мм
em
like “m” in “mask”
мáска
[MASka
mask
Нн
en
like “n” in “not” 1
нос
[nos]
nose
Оо
oh
like “o” in “port”1
порт
[port]
port
Пп
peh
like “p” in “park”
парк
[park]
park
Рр
ər
like “r” in “rock”
рот
[rot]
mouth
Сс
əs
like “s” in “sport”
спорт
[sport]
sport
Тт
təh
like “t” in “tie”
там
[tam]
there
Уу
oo
like“oo” in “soon”
суп
[soop]
soup
Фф
əf
like “f” in “five”
фáнта
[FANta]
Fanta
Хх
kha
like “h” in “hobby””
хóбби
[HOhbi
hobby
Цц
tsəh
like “ts” in “cats”
центр
[tsentr]
center
Чч
cheh
like “ch” in “chair”
час
[chas]
hour
Шш
shah
like “sh” in “shorts”
шóрты
[SHORt
shorts
Щщ
shchyah
like “shch” in “rash choice”
щи
[scheeh
cabbage soup
ъ
hard sign (tvyordy znak)
Indicates preceding hardness of consonant, transcription [:]; mark which separates a hard consonant from a soft vowel within a word.
отъéзд
[at:YES T]
departure
ы
i [hard}
like “i” in “till”
ты, вы
[tyh,
you
ь
soft sign (myakhkii znak)
Indicates softness of preceding consonant (transcription [y])
мать, пальтó
[maty], [palyTO H]
mother, overcoat
Ээ
ə
like “a” in “and”
это
[ƏHtah]
this (is)
Юю
yu
like “yu” in “union”
юмор
[YOUHm
humor
Яя
ya
like “ya” in “yard’
я
[ya]
I
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Lesson 3 Part 1 – Greetings
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Dialogue 1
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak dihLAh]
B: – Very well, thanks.
– Спасúбо¸ óчень хорошó.
[spaSEEbah, Ochiny haraSHOH]
Dialogue 2
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak diLAH]
B: – Fine.
– Хорошó! /Прекрáсно!
[haraSHOH / prikRASnah]
And you?
А у Вас?
[A oo VAS]
A: – Well, thanks.
– Спасúбо¸ хорошó.
[spahSEEbah, haraSHOH]
Dialogue 3
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak diLAH]
B. – It’s OK. And you?
– Нормáльно! А у Вас?
[narMALynah /A oo VAS]
A: – Well, thanks.
– Спасúбо¸ хорошó.
[spahSEEbah, haraSHOh]
Dialogue 4
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak dihLAH]
B. – It’s OK, not bad.
– Ничегó.
[nihcnihVOH]
Dialogue 5
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak dihLAH]
B. – So-so.
– Тáк себé!
[tak siByEH]
A: – What happened?
– Что случúлось?
[shto slooCHEElasy]
B: – I am very tired.
– Я óчень устáла (female).
[ya OOchiny oosTAhlah]
Dialogue 6
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooiti]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooiti]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak dihLAH]
B. – So-so.
– Тáк себé!
[tak siByE]
A: – What happened?
– Что случúлось?
[shto slooCHEElasy]
B: – I am very tired.
– Я óчень устáл (male).
[ya OOchiny oosTAL]
Dialogue 7
English
Russian
A: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
B: – Hello!
– Здрáвствуйте!
[ZDRASTvooitih]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak dihLAH]
B. – Bad.
– Плóхо!
[PLOha]
A: – What happened?
– Что случилось?
[shto slooCHEElasy]
B: – I feel bad.
– Я плóхо себя чýвствую.
[ya PLOhah siByA CHOOSTvuyu]
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Lesson 3 Part 2 – More Greetings
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Boys and girls of the same age use only the first name when they talk to each other. When they greet each other they use [ZDRASTvui].
English
Russian
A: – Hello, Dimitri!
– Здрáвствуй, Димúтрий!
[ZDRASTvooi Dimitri]
B: – Hello, Lena!
– Здрáвствуй, Лéна!
[ZDRASTvooi LyEHna]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak diLAH]
B: – It’s OK. And you?
– Нормáльно! А у тебя?
[narMALynah / a OO tihBYA]
A: – It’s OK.
– Нормáльно!
[narMALynah]
2. When a young person greets a group of boys and girls or an adult s/he uses the word [ZDRASTvuitih].
3. If you are addressing a person older than you or any adults, then use that person’s first name and patronymic. Remember that a foreigner addressing a local person for the first time should use this form, unless greeting a young child. Locals do not use patronymic when addressing a foreigner, since most foreign first names would form rather strange-sounding patronymics.
English
Russian
A: – Hello, Dimitri Dimitrievich!
– Здрáвствуйте, Димúтрий Димúтриевич!
[ZDRASTvooitih diMEETriivich]
B: – Hello, Yelena Mikhailovna!
– Здрáвствуйте, Елéна Михáйловна!
[ZDRASTvooitih yeLyEhna Mikhailovna]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как Вáши делá?
[kak VAGshee diLAH]
B: – Thanks, it’s OK. And you?
– Спасúбо, нормáльно, а у Вас?
[spahSEEbah / narMALynah / a OO vas]
A: – Well, thanks.
– Спасúбо¸ хорошó.
[spahSEEbah, haraSHOh]
4. The greetings that are given below are the same whether you greet adults or children:
English
Russian
A. – Good morning!
– Дóброе ýтро!
[DOBraye OOTra]
B. – Good morning!
– Дóброе ýтро!
[DOBraye OOTra]
A. – Good morning!
– Дóброе ýтро!
[DOBraye OOTra]
B. – Good morning!
– Дóброе ýтро!
[DOBraye OOTra]
A. – Good afternoon!
– Дóбрый день!
[DOBry dyeny]
B. – Good afternoon!
– Дóбрый день!
[DOBry dyeny]
A. – Good afternoon!
– Дóбрый день!
[DOBry dyeny]
B. – Good afternoon!
– Дóбрый день!
[DOBry dyeny]
A. – Good evening!
– Дóбрый вéчер!
[DOBry VyEchir]
B. – Good evening!
– Дóбрый вéчер!
[DOBry VyEchir]
A. – Good evening!
– Дóбрый вéчер!
[DOBry VyEchir]
B. – Good evening!
– Дóбрый вéчер!
[DOBry VyEchir]
5. ‘Good night!’ is: ‘Спокóйной нóчи’ [spaKOInai NOchi]
English
Russian
A: – Good night!
– Спокóйной нóчи!
[spaKOInai NOchi]
B: – Good night!
– Спокóйной нóчи!
[spaKOInai NOchi]
6. До свидáния (literally “Until our meeting”) is used by both adults and children when saying goodbye to one or more person.
English
Russian
A: – Hello, Dimitri Dimitrievich!
– Здрáвствуй, Димúтрий Димúтриевич!
[ZDRASTvooitih Dimitri diMEETriivich]
B: – Hello, Yelena Mikhailovna!
– Здрáвствуйте, Елéна Михáйловна!
[ZDRASTvooitih yeLyEhna Mokhailovna]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как Вáши делá?
[kak VAGshee diLAH]
B: – Thanks, it’s OK. And you?
– Спасúбо, нормáльно, а у Вас?
[spahSEEbah / narMALynah / a OO vas]
A: – Well, thanks.
– Спасúбо¸ хорошó.
[spahSEEbah, haraSHOh]
B: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
A: – Good bye.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
Note: “Всегó хорóшего” [fsihVOH haROshihvah] and “До свидáния” [dasvihDAHniya] are used more or less interchangeably in saying “Good bye.”
A
English
Russian
A: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
B: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
B
English
Russian
A: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
B: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
C
English
Russian
A: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
B: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
D
English
Russian
A: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
B: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
E
English
Russian
A: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
B: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
F
English
Russian
A: – Good bye./All the best.
– Всегó хорóшего.
[fsihVOH haROshihvah]
B: – Good bye.
– До свидáния.
[dasvihDAHniya]
7. And more:
English
Russian
See you (informal).
Увúдимся!
[ooVEEdimsya]
See you (informal).
Дo скóрого!
[dasKOrava / paKA]
See you later.
Дo встрéчи!
[dafstRYEchih]
See you later.
Дo скóрой встрéчи!
[daSKOrai fstRYEchih]
See you tomorrow.
До зáвтра!
[daZAFTrah]
8. There two more forms, such as Hi ‘Привéт!’ [priVyET] and Bye ‘Пока!’ [pahKAH]
English
Russian
A: – Hi, Dimitri!
– Привéт, Димúтрий!
[priVyET Dimitri]
B: – Hi, Lena!
– Привéт, Лéна!
[priVyET LyEHna]
A: – How are you (doing)?
– Как делá?
[kak diLAH]
B: – It’s OK. And you?
– Нормáльно! А у тебя?
[narMALynah / a OO tihBYA]
A: – It’s OK.
– Нормáльно!
[narMALynah]
B: – Bye.
– Пока!
[pahKAH]
A: – Bye.
– Пока!
[pahKAH]
These forms are used only among very good acquaintances. A young person would never use these forms in speaking to an adult. If you want to avoid mistakes in greeting people or saying goodbye, use the forms that are acceptable in polite and formal relationships: [ZDRASTvuitih] and [dasvihDAHniya].
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Lesson 4 – Talking About Yourself and Others
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A. How to ask people about themselves?
1. You already know that adults and children are addressed in different ways. You must also ask adults and children for their names differently. A child or a teenager is asked Как тебя зовýт? [kak tihBYA zaVOOT?] which means “What is your name?”
2. But an adults hears: Как Вас зовýт? [kak vas zaVOOT = kak vazzaVOOT] “What is your name?”
3. When you ask [kak tihBYA zaVOOT], local children usually give a first name. When you ask adults [kak vas zaVOOT], they will give a first name and patronymic.
4. To learn the last name requires a second question: “Как твоя фамúлия?» [kak tvahYA fahMEElihya] (for children) or «Как Вáша фамилия» [kak VAHshah fahMEElihya] (for adults).
English
Russian
What is your name? (polite, formal)
Как Вас зовýт?
[kak vaz zaVOOT]
What is your name? (child, buddy) How old are you? (polite, formal) How old are you? (child, buddy) What do you do?
Как тебя зовýт? Скóлько Вам лет? Скóлько тебé лет? Кто Вы по профéссии?